Original Article
Effect of heating on the stability of amyloid A (AA) fibrils and the intra-
and cross-species transmission of AA amyloidosis
DOI:10.3109/13506129.2015.1095735Saki Ogawaa, Tomoaki Murakamib, Yasuo
Inoshimaa & Naotaka Ishiguroa*
Publishing models and article dates explained
Received: 5 May 2015 Accepted: 14 Sep 2015 Published online: 20 Nov 2015
.
Abstract
Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease characterized by
extracellular deposition of AA fibrils. AA fibrils are found in several tissues
from food animals with AA amyloidosis. For hygienic purposes, heating is widely
used to inactivate microbes in food, but it is uncertain whether heating is
sufficient to inactivate AA fibrils and prevent intra- or cross-species
transmission. We examined the effect of heating (at 60 °C or 100 °C) and
autoclaving (at 121 °C or 135 °C) on murine and bovine AA fibrils using Western
blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mouse model
transmission experiments. TEM revealed that a mixture of AA fibrils and
amorphous aggregates appeared after heating at 100 °C, whereas autoclaving at
135 °C produced large amorphous aggregates. AA fibrils retained antigen
specificity in Western blot analysis when heated at 100 °C or autoclaved at 121
°C, but not when autoclaved at 135 °C. Transmissible pathogenicity of murine and
bovine AA fibrils subjected to heating (at 60 °C or 100 °C) was significantly
stimulated and resulted in amyloid deposition in mice. Autoclaving of murine AA
fibrils at 121 °C or 135 °C significantly decreased amyloid deposition.
Moreover, amyloid deposition in mice injected with murine AA fibrils was more
severe than that in mice injected with bovine AA fibrils. Bovine AA fibrils
autoclaved at 121 °C or 135 °C did not induce amyloid deposition in mice. These
results suggest that AA fibrils are relatively heat stable and that similar to
prions, autoclaving at 135 °C is required to destroy the pathogenicity of AA
fibrils. These findings may contribute to the prevention of AA fibril
transmission through food materials to different animals and especially to
humans.
AA amyloidosis, AA fibrils, Image J software, immunohistochemistry, prion,
silver nitrate, transmission electron microscopy, Western blot analysis
*** These results suggest that AA fibrils are relatively heat stable and
that similar to prions, autoclaving at 135 °C is required to destroy the
pathogenicity of AA fibrils.
*** These findings may contribute to the prevention of AA fibril
transmission through food materials to different animals and especially to
humans.
New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent:
Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of
replication
The infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE) are notoriously resistant to most physical and chemical
methods used for inactivating pathogens, including heat. It has long been
recognized, for example, that boiling is ineffective and that higher
temperatures are most efficient when combined with steam under pressure (i.e.,
autoclaving). As a means of decontamination, dry heat is used only at the
extremely high temperatures achieved during incineration, usually in excess of
600°C. It has been assumed, without proof, that incineration totally inactivates
the agents of TSE, whether of human or animal origin.
Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel
Production
Histochemical analysis of hamster brains inoculated with the solid residue
showed typical spongiform degeneration and vacuolation. Re-inoculation of these
brains into a new cohort of hamsters led to onset of clinical scrapie symptoms
within 75 days, suggesting that the specific infectivity of the prion protein
was not changed during the biodiesel process. The biodiesel reaction cannot be
considered a viable prion decontamination method for MBM, although we observed
increased survival time of hamsters and reduced infectivity greater than 6 log
orders in the solid MBM residue. Furthermore, results from our study compare for
the first time prion detection by Western Blot versus an infectivity bioassay
for analysis of biodiesel reaction products. We could show that biochemical
analysis alone is insufficient for detection of prion infectivity after a
biodiesel process.
*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at
least 16 years ***
Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3
Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential
Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease
Received July 24, 2014; Accepted September 16, 2014; Published November 3,
2014
*** Singeltary comment PLoS Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers
Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease ***
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion
disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Background
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease
have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time
frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease,
that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the
Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease.
Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.
Methods
Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals,
transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died
from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant
Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.
Results
I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long
incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to
the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that
the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or
the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many
different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion
disease.
Conclusions
There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up
immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources
of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global
doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via
the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal
TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every
state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of
decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in
all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will
continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait
until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth
regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that
has not happened already.
end...tss
SEE FULL TEXT AND SOURCE REFERENCES ;
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion
disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Proposal ID: 29403
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;396:131-43.
Alzheimer's disease and transmissible virus dementia (Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease).
Brown P, Salazar AM, Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.
Abstract
Ample justification exists on clinical, pathologic, and biologic grounds
for considering a similar pathogenesis for AD and the spongiform virus
encephalopathies. However, the crux of the comparison rests squarely on results
of attempts to transmit AD to experimental animals, and these results have not
as yet validated a common etiology. Investigations of the biologic similarities
between AD and the spongiform virus encephalopathies proceed in several
laboratories, and our own observation of inoculated animals will be continued in
the hope that incubation periods for AD may be even longer than those of CJD.
IN STRICT CONFIDENCE
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER-TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
CJD1/9 0185 Ref: 1M51A
IN STRICT CONFIDENCE
Dr McGovern From: Dr A Wight Date: 5 January 1993 Copies: Dr Metters Dr
Skinner Dr Pickles Dr Morris Mr Murray
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER-TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
1. CMO will wish to be aware that a meeting was held at DH yesterday, 4
January, to discuss the above findings. It was chaired by Professor Murray
(Chairman of the MRC Co-ordinating Committee on Research in the Spongiform
Encephalopathies in Man), and attended by relevant experts in the fields of
Neurology, Neuropathology, molecular biology, amyloid biochemistry, and the
spongiform encephalopathies, and by representatives of the MRC and AFRC. 2.
Briefly, the meeting agreed that:
i) Dr Ridley et als findings of experimental induction of p amyloid in
primates were valid, interesting and a significant advance in the understanding
of neurodegenerative disorders;
ii) there were no immediate implications for the public health, and no
further safeguards were thought to be necessary at present; and
iii) additional research was desirable, both epidemiological and at the
molecular level. Possible avenues are being followed up by DH and the MRC, but
the details will require further discussion. 93/01.05/4.1
BSE101/1 0136
IN CONFIDENCE
5 NOV 1992 CMO From: Dr J S Metters DCMO 4 November 1992
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
1. Thank you for showing me Diana Dunstan's letter. I am glad that MRC have
recognized the public sensitivity of these findings and intend to report them in
their proper context. This hopefully will avoid misunderstanding and possible
distortion by the media to portray the results as having more greater
significance than the findings so far justify.
2. Using a highly unusual route of transmission (intra-cerebral injection)
the researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a pathological process
from two cases one of severe Alzheimer's disease the other of
Gerstmann-Straussler disease to marmosets. However they have not demonstrated
the transmission of either clinical condition as the "animals were behaving
normally when killed'. As the report emphasizes the unanswered question is
whether the disease condition would have revealed itself if the marmosets had
lived longer. They are planning further research to see if the conditions, as
opposed to the partial pathological process, is transmissible. What are the
implications for public health?
3. The route of transmission is very specific and in the natural state of
things highly unusual. However it could be argued that the results reveal a
potential risk, in that brain tissue from these two patients has been shown to
transmit a pathological process. Should therefore brain tissue from such cases
be regarded as potentially infective? Pathologists, morticians, neuro surgeons
and those assisting at neuro surgical procedures and others coming into contact
with "raw" human brain tissue could in theory be at risk. However, on a priori
grounds given the highly specific route of transmission in these experiments
that risk must be negligible if the usual precautions for handling brain tissue
are observed.
92/11.4/1-1 BSE101/1 0137
4. The other dimension to consider is the public reaction. To some extent
the GSS case demonstrates little more than the transmission of BSE to a pig by
intra-cerebral injection. If other prion diseases can be transmitted in this way
it is little surprise that some pathological findings observed in GSS were also
transmissible to a marmoset. But the transmission of features of Alzheimer's
pathology is a different matter, given the much greater frequency of this
disease and raises the unanswered question whether some cases are the result of
a transmissible prion. The only tenable public line will be that "more research
is required" before that hypothesis could be evaluated. The possibility on a
transmissible prion remains open. In the meantime MRC needs carefully to
consider the range and sequence of studies needed to follow through from the
preliminary observations in these two cases. Not a particularly comfortable
message, but until we know more about the causation of Alzheimer's disease the
total reassurance is not practical.
JS METTERS Room 509 Richmond House Pager No: 081-884 3344 Callsign: DOH 832
121/YdeS 92/11.4/1.2
BSE101/1 0136
IN CONFIDENCE
CMO
From: Dr J S Metters DCMO
4 November 1992
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
CJD1/9 0185
Ref: 1M51A
IN STRICT CONFIDENCE
From: Dr. A Wight Date: 5 January 1993
Copies:
Dr Metters Dr Skinner Dr Pickles Dr Morris Mr Murray
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER-TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
see full text PLoS ;
***PRION2015 Ft. Collins***
Alzheimer’s disease
*** P.34: Preliminary study of Alzheimer’s disease transmission to bank
vole ***
Guido Di Donato1, Geraldina Riccardi1, Claudia D’Agostino1, Flavio
Torriani1, Maurizio Pocchiari2, Romolo Nonno1, Umberto Agrimi1, and Michele
Angelo Di Bari1
1Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore
di Sanit a, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience;
Istituto Superiore di Sanit a, Rome, Italy
Extensive experimental findings indicate that prion-like mechanisms underly
the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Transgenic mice have been pivotal
for investigating prionlike mechanisms in AD, still these models have not been
able so far to recapitulate the complex clinical-pathological features of AD.
Here we aimed at investigating the potential of bank vole, a wild-type rodent
highly susceptible to prions, in reproducing AD pathology upon experimental
inoculation.
Voles were intracerebrally inoculated with brain homogenate from a familial
AD patient. Animals were examined for the appearance of neurological signs until
the end of experiment (800 d post-inoculation, d.p.i.). Brains were studied by
immunohistochemistry for pTau Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S29 (with AT180 and
PHF-1 antibodies) and b-amyloid (4G8).
Voles didn’t show an overt clinical signs, still most of them (11/16) were
found pTau positive when culled for intercurrent disease or at the end of
experiment. Interestingly, voles culled as early as 125 d.p.i. already showed
pTau aggregates. Deposition of pTau was similar in all voles and was
characterized by neuropil threads and coiled bodies in the alveus, and by rare
neurofibrillary tangles in gray matter. Conversely, b-amyloid deposition was
rather rare (2/16). Nonetheless, a single vole showed the contemporaneous
presence of pTau in the alveus and a few Ab plaque-like deposits in the
subiculum. Uninfected age-matched voles were negative for pTau and Ab.
*** These findings corroborate and extend previous evidences on the
transmissibility of pTau and Ab aggregation. Furthermore, the observation of a
vole with contemporaneous propagation of pTau and Ab is intriguing and deserves
further studies.
=================
P.155: Quantitative real-time analysis of disease specific tau amyloid
seeding activity
Davin Henderson and Edward Hoover Prion Research Center; College of
Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort
Collins, CO USA
A leading hypothesis for the cause of neurodegenerative diseases is the
templated misfolding of cellular proteins to an amyloid state. Spongiform
encephalopathies were the first diseases discovered to be caused by a misfolded
amyloid-rich protein. It is now recognized that the major human
neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s
disease (PD), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), also are associated
with amyloid formation. Moreover, AD and PD amyloids have been shown competent
to transmit disease in experimental animal models, suggesting shared mechanisms
with traditional prion diseases. Sensitive detection of prion disease has been
advanced by in vitro amplification of low levels of disease specific amyloid
seeds, e.g. serial protein misfolding amplification (sPMCA), amyloid seeding
(ASA) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), thereby replicating
the disease process in vitro. In addition, measurement of the amyloid formation
rate can estimate the level of disease-associated seed by using methods
analogous to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the present work,
we apply these principles to show that seeding activity of in vitro generated
amyloid tau and AD brain amyloid tau can be readily detected and
quantitated.
=============
P.83: Gerstmann-Str€aussler-Scheinker disease with F198S mutation:
Selective propagation of PrPSc and pTau upon inoculation in bank vole
Michele Angelo Di Bari1, Romolo Nonno1, Laura Pirisinu1, Claudia
D’Agostino1, Geraldina Riccardi1, Guido Di Donato1, Paolo Frassanito1,
Bernardino Ghetti2, Pierluigi Gambetti3, and Umberto Agrimi1
1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety; Istituto Superiore
di Sanit a; Rome, Italy;
2Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA; 3Case Western Reserve University;
Cleveland, OH USA
Gerstmann-Str€aussler-Scheinker disease with F198S mutation (GSS-F198S) is
characterized by the presence of PrP amyloid plaques as well as neurofibrillary
tangles with abnormally-phosphorylated tau protein (pTau) in the brain. The
relationship between tau protein and PrP in the pathogenesis of GSS-F198S is
unknown. In a previous study, we inoculated intracerebrally 2 GSS-F198S cases in
2 lines of voles carrying either methionine (Bv109M) or isoleucine (Bv109I) at
codon 109 of PrP. GSS-F198S transmitted rather efficiently to Bv109I, but not to
Bv109M.
Here we investigated the presence of pTau, as assessed by
immunohistochemistry with anti-pTau antibodies AT180 and PHF-1, in the same
voles previously inoculated with GSSF198S. Among these voles, most Bv109I showed
clinical signs after short survival times (»150 d.p.i.) and were positive for
PrPSc. The remaining Bv109I and all Bv109M survived for longer times without
showing prion-related pathology or detectable PrPSc. All Bv109I which were
previously found PrPSc-positive,
S54 Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts
were immunonegative for pTau deposition. In contrast, pTau deposition was
detected in 16/20 voles culled without clinical signs after long survival times
(225–804 d.p.i.). pTau deposition was characterized by neuropil threads and
coiled bodies in the alveus, and was similar in all voles analyzed.
These findings highlight that pTau from GSS-F198S can propagate in voles.
Importantly, pTau propagation was independent from PrPSc, as pTau was only found
in PrPSc-negative voles surviving longer than 225 d.p.i. Thus, selective
transmission of PrPSc and pTau proteinopathies from GSS-F198S can be
accomplished by experimental transmission in voles.
=========
I3 Aβ Strains and Alzheimer’s Disease
Lary Walker Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
An essential early event in the development of Alzheimer’s disease is the
misfolding and aggregation of Aβ. Enigmatically, despite the extensive
deposition of human-sequence Aβ in the aging brain, nonhuman primates do not
develop the full pathologic or cognitive phenotype of Alzheimer’s disease, which
appears to be unique to humans. In addition, some humans with marked Aβ
accumulation in the brain retain their cognitive abilities, raising the question
of whether the pathogenicity of Aβ is linked to the molecular features of the
misfolded protein. I will present evidence for strain-like molecular differences
in aggregated Aβ between humans and nonhuman primates, and among end-stage
Alzheimer patients. I will also discuss a case of Alzheimer’s disease with
atypical Aβ deposition to illustrate heterogeneity in the molecular architecture
of Aβ assemblies, and how this variability might influence the nature of the
disease. As in the case of prion diseases, strain-like variations in the
molecular architecture of Aβ could help to explain the phenotypic variability in
Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the distinctively human susceptibility to the
disorder.
This research was conducted in collaboration with Harry LeVine, Rebecca
Rosen, Amarallys Cintron, David Lynn, Yury Chernoff, Anil Mehta and Mathias
Jucker and colleagues. Supported by AG040589, RR165/OD11132, AG005119, NS077049,
the CART Foundation and MetLife.
==========
I5 Pathogenic properties of synthetically generated prions
Jiyan Ma Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Synthetically generating prions with bacterially expressed recombinant
prion protein (recPrP) strongly supports the prion hypothesis. Yet, it remains
unclear whether the pathogenic properties of synthetically generated prions
(rec-Prion) fully recapitulate those of naturally occurring prions. A series of
analyses including intracerebral and intraperitoneal transmissions of rec-Prion
in wild-type mice were performed to determine the characteristics of rec-Prion
induced diseases. Results from these analyses demonstrated that the rec-Prion
exhibits the same pathogenic properties with naturally occurring prions,
including a titratable infectivity that can be determined by endpoint titration
assays, capability of transmitting prion disease via routes other than the
direct intra-cerebral inoculation, causing ultra-structural lesions that are
specific to prion disease, and sharing a similar manner of visceral
dissemination and neuroinvasion with naturally occurring scrapie and chronic
wasting disease. These findings confirmed that the disease caused by rec-Prion
in wild-type mice is bona fide prion disease or transmissible spongiform
encephalopathiges, and the rec-Prion contains similar pathogenic properties as
naturally occurring prions.
I6 Transmissible protein toxins in neurodegenerative disease
Jacob Ayers, David Borchelt University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,
USA
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an obvious example of
neurodegenerative disease that seems to spread along anatomical pathways. The
spread of symptoms from the site of onset (e.g. limb) to the respiratory
musculature drives the rate of disease progression. In cognitive disorders, such
as Alzheimer’s disease, one can find similarly find evidence of spreading
dysfunction and pathology. One mechanism to account for this spread of disease
from one neural structure to another is by evoking prion-like propagation of a
toxic misfolded protein from cell to cell. Recent studies in animals that model
aspects of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Tauopathy, have
bolstered the arguments in favor of prion-like, although in most of these models
the mice do not develop overt “clinical” symptoms. Recently, Jacob Ayers
demonstrated that the symptoms of ALS can be transmitted from a strain of mice
that expresses mutant SOD1-G93A at high levels to a second transgenic strain
that expresses mutant SOD1 at low, nontoxic, levels. This model showed many
prion-like features including evidence of host-adaptation (earlier and more
penetrant disease upon second passage). Interestingly, homogenates from
paralyzed mice expressing the G37R variant of SOD1 transmitted poorly, a finding
suggestive that different SOD1 variants may exhibit strain-like properties.
These “ i n d u c i b l e ” m o d e l s o f h u m a n neurodegenerative disease
enable the generation of models that do not require extraordinary levels of
transgene expression and provide a more precise means of initiating the disease
process, advances that may translate into more predictive pre-clinical
models.
=======
P188 Transmission of amyloid pathology by peripheral administration of
misfolded Aβ
Javiera Bravo-Alegria1 ,2, Rodrigo Morales2, Claudia Duran-Aniotz3, Claudio
Soto2 1University of Los Andes, Santiago, Chile, 2Mitchell Center for
Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology,
University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA, 3University of Chile,
Santiago, Chile
Misfolding and aggregation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the primary events
involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, it has been
proposed that Aβ aggregates can transmit and spread the pathology following a
prion-like mechanism. Prions can be exogenously transmitted by many different
routes of administration. In the case of Aβ, previous studies showed that
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of seeds can accelerate cerebral amyloidosis in
mouse models. However, other potential routes have not yet been studied. The
goal of this work was to assess whether Aβ amyloidosis can be seeded in the
brain of a transgenic mouse model of AD by peripheral administration of
misfolded particles.
Young tg2576 animals (50 days old) were inoculated with a pool of brain
extract coming from old Tg2576 animals (10%w/v) by different routes: i.p.
(100μL), eye drops (5μL each eye, 3 times), intramuscular (i.m., 50μL), and per
os (p.o., 1000μL). Animals were sacrificed at 300 days old, and brain samples
were analyzed for amyloid pathology by IHC and ELISA.
The i.p., i.m., and eye drops administration of Aβ seeds significantly
accelerated pathological features in tg2576. Regardless of the higher volume
administered, p.o. treated animals did not show any pathological changes when
compared to untreated controls. Differences in the proportion of diffuse, core
and vascular deposition was observed within experimental groups. Our data show
that peripheral administration of Aβ seeds could accelerate pathological changes
in the brain and suggest that an orchestrated cross-talk between the brain and
peripheral tissues occurs in AD.
==========
Thursday, October 1, 2015
*** Alzheimergate, re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β
pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Singeltary Submission to Nature
***
Wednesday, September 2, 2015
Clinically Unsuspected Prion Disease Among Patients With Dementia Diagnoses
in an Alzheimer’s Disease Database
Thursday, July 30, 2015
Prion Disease Induces Alzheimer Disease-Like Neuropathologic Changes
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
PRION2015 Alzheimer’s disease
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
visual variant of Alzheimer’s disease VVAD vs Heidenhain Variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD
2015 PRION CONFERENCE
*** RE-P.164: Blood transmission of prion infectivity in the squirrel
monkey: The Baxter study
***suggest that blood donations from cases of GSS (and perhaps other
familial forms of TSE) carry more risk than from vCJD cases, and that little or
no risk is associated with sCJD. ***
ran across an old paper from 1984 ;
***The occurrence of contact cases raises the possibility that transmission
in families may be effected by an unusually virulent strain of the agent.
***
***suggest that blood donations from cases of GSS (and perhaps other
familial forms of TSE) carry more risk than from vCJD cases, and that little or
no risk is associated with sCJD...see;
P.164: Blood transmission of prion infectivity in the squirrel monkey: The
Baxter study
Paul Brown1, Diane Ritchie2, James Ironside2, Christian Abee3, Thomas
Kreil4, and Susan Gibson5 1NIH (retired); Bethesda, MD USA; 2University of
Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK; 3University of Texas; Bastrop, TX USA; 4Baxter
Bioscience; Vienna, Austria; 5University of South Alabama; Mobile, AL USA
Five vCJD disease transmissions and an estimated 1 in 2000 ‘silent’
infections in UK residents emphasize the continued need for information about
disease risk in humans. A large study of blood component infectivity in a
non-human primate model has now been completed and analyzed. Among 1 GSS, 4
sCJD, and 3 vCJD cases, only GSS leukocytes transmitted disease within a 5–6
year surveillance period. A transmission study in recipients of multiple whole
blood transfusions during the incubation and clinical stages of sCJD and vCJD in
ic-infected donor animals was uniformly negative. These results, together with
other laboratory studies in rodents and nonhuman primates and epidemiological
observations in humans, ***suggest that blood donations from cases of GSS (and
perhaps other familial forms of TSE) carry more risk than from vCJD cases, and
that little or no risk is associated with sCJD. The issue of decades-long
incubation periods in ‘silent’ vCJD carriers remains open.
=============
***suggest that blood donations from cases of GSS (and perhaps other
familial forms of TSE) carry more risk than from vCJD cases, and that little or
no risk is associated with sCJD...see;
Wednesday, December 11, 2013
*** Detection of Infectivity in Blood of Persons with Variant and Sporadic
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ***
THE BAXTER STUDY...SEE MORE HERE ;
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Sent: Saturday, November 15, 2014 9:29 PM
To: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Subject: THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE R. G. WILL
1984
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE
R. G. WILL
1984
snip...
THE BAXTER STUDY...SEE MORE HERE ;
Friday, January 10, 2014
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type
prion disease, what it ??? Greetings Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type
prion disease, what it ???
Confucius is confused again.
I was just sitting and thinking about why there is no genetic link to some
of these TSE prion sGSS, sFFi, and it’s really been working on my brain, and
then it hit me today.
what if, vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE prion disease, was a by-product from
iatrogenic gss, ffi, familial type prion disease ???
it could explain the cases of no genetic link to the gss, ffi, familial
type prion disease, to the family.
sporadic and familial is a red herring, in my opinion, and underestimation
is spot on, due to the crude prehistoric diagnostic procedures and criteria and
definition of a prion disease.
I say again, what if, iatrogenic, what if, with all these neurological
disorders, with a common denominator that is increasingly showing up in the
picture, called the prion.
I urge all scientist to come together here, with this as the utmost of
importance about all these neurological disease that are increasingly showing up
as a prion mechanism, to put on the front burners, the IATROGENIC aspect and the
potential of transmission there from, with diseases/disease??? in question.
by definition, could they be a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE
prion type disease, and if so, what are the iatrogenic chances of transmission?
this is very important, and should be at the forefront of research, and if
proven, could be a monumental breakthrough in science and battle against the
spreading of these disease/diseases.
the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health pub-med
site, a quick search of the word SPORADIC will give you a hit of 40,747. of
those, there are a plethora of disease listed under sporadic. sporadic simply
means (UNKNOWN).
the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health pub-med
site, a quick search of the word FAMILIAL will give you a hit of 921,815. of
those, there are a plethora of disease listed under familial.
again, sporadic and familial is a red herring, in my opinion.
also, in my opinion, when you start have disease such as sporadic Fatal
Familial Insomnia, (and or sporadic GSS, or the VPSPr type prion disease), and
there is NO familial genetic linkage to the family of the diseased, I have
serious questions there as to a familial type disease, and thus, being defined
as such.
*UPDATE* NOVEMBER 16, 2014 vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product
of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what it ??? Friday, January 10, 2014
Greetings again Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,
snip...see ;
Wednesday, January 28, 2015
Another new prion disease: relationship with central and peripheral
amyloidoses
Sunday, February 10, 2013
Parkinson's Disease and Alpha Synuclein: Is Parkinson's Disease a
Prion-Like Disorder?
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
PrioNet Canada researchers in Vancouver confirm prion-like properties in
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
ENLARGING SPECTRUM OF PRION-LIKE DISEASES Prusiner Colby et al 2011 Prions
David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
Molecular Psychiatry
advance online publication 4 October 2011; doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.120
De novo induction of amyloid-ß deposition in vivo
Our results suggest that some of the typical brain abnormalities associated
with AD can be induced by a prion-like mechanism of disease transmission through
propagation of protein misfolding. These findings may have broad implications
for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation of AD,
and may contribute to the development of new strategies for disease prevention
and intervention. Keywords: amyloid; prion; protein misfolding; disease
transmission
see more here ;
Friday, September 3, 2010
Alzheimer's, Autism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's, Prionoids,
Prionpathy, Prionopathy, TSE
SCENARIO 3: ‘THE THIN STEMMED GLASS’
... a TSE is found that is linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
Wednesday, July 15, 2015
*** Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual
brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed? ***
iatrogenic, what if ???
Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes
contaminated during neurosurgery.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a
middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the
accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger
patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More
than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and
repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were
implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became
ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by
reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform
encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract
Tuesday, May 26, 2015
*** Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings
***
Last updated 15 May 2015
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14,
2001 JAMA
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1
reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported
cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that
misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of
persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although
only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination
necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD
reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be
reportable nationwide and internationally.
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
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